Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in abdominal sepsis in rats

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in the diagnosis of multibacterial abdominal sepsis by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. Methods Adult Wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus ), weighing 227±35g, were allocated into a sepsis group by CLP (n=10) and sham group (n=10). 18F-FDG-PET using microPET was performed on all rats after 24 hours. Results All animals survived for postoperative 24h. The abdomen/liver ratio of the standardized uptake value (SUV) percentage was significantly higher in the sepsis group than in the sham (p=0.004). The ROC curve showed an accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET to detect abdominal sepsis of 88.9% (p=0.001), sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 88.9%. When a cut-off point of 79% of the ratio between the SUV on the abdominal region and liver was established, the sensitivity was 90%, specificity of 88.9%; positive and negative predictive values of 90.0% and 88.9%, respectively. Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET in rats with abdominal sepsis was significantly high. It was also demonstrated the predictive ability of the abdomen/liver SUV ratio to diagnose abdominal sepsis. These findings may have implications for the clinical setting, locating septic foci with PETscan.

Effect of Arrabidaea chica extract against chemically induced breast cancer in animal model

Abstract Purpose: To examine the effects of Arrabidaa chica (Bignoniacea) extract, a native plant of the Amazon known as crajiru, on a 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer model in Wistar rats. Methods: We compared the response of breast cancer to the oral administration of A. chica extract (ACE) for 16 weeks, associated or not with vincristine. Groups: normal control; DMBA (50mg/kg v.o,) without treatment; DMBA+ACE (300 mg/kg); DMBA+vincristine. 500μg/kg injected i.p; DMBA+ACE+Vincristine 250μg/kg i.p. Imaging by microPET and fluorescence, biochemistry, oxidative stress, hematology and histopathology were used to validate the treatments. Results: All animals survived. A gradual weight gain in all groups was observed, with no significant difference (p>0.05). The oral administration of ACE and ACE+vincristine 50% significantly reduced breast tumors incidence examined with PET-18FDG and fluorescence (p<0.001). Significant reduction of serum transaminases, oxidative stress and hematological toxicity were observed in these groups. Antioxidant enzyme levels in breast tissue were significantly higher compared to the DMBA and DMBA+vincristine groups. Conclusion: These results demonstrate for the first time that ACE positively influences the treatment of DMBA-induced breast cancer in animal model, inducing a reduction in oxidative stress and chemotherapy toxicity, meaning that ACE may have clinical implication in further studies.

Response time in the emergency services. Systematic review

Abstract The growth of the urban population raises concern about municipal public managers in the sense of providing emergency medical services (EMS) that are aligned with the needs of prehospital emergency medical care demanded by the population. The literature review aims at presenting the response time of emergency medical services in several parts of the world and discussing some factors that interfere in the result of this indicator such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product) percentage spent on health and life expectancy of countries. The study will also show that in some of the consulted articles, authors suggest to EMS recommendations for decreasing the response time using simulations, heuristics and metaheuristics. Response time is a basic indicator of emergency medical services, in such a way that researchers use the descriptive statistics to evaluate this parameter. Europe and the USA outstand in the publication of studies that present this information. Some articles use stochastic and mathematical methods to suggest models that simulate scenarios of response time reduction and suggest such proposals to the local EMS. Countries in which the response time was identified have a high index of human development and life expectancy between 74.7 and 83.7 years.

Wound healing of diabetic rats treated with Moringa oleifera extract

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate if Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract (ME) influences the healing of skin wounds of diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were used (6 rats/group). Group 1 received normal saline (NS) v.o. Group 2 received moringa extract (100mg/kg v.o) for 3 weeks. Groups 3 and 4: Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Group 3 received NS; Group 4 received aqueous ME (100mg/kg) v.o.The wounds of groups 1 and 3 rats were topically treated with NS; wounds of groups 2 and 4 treated with 200µL of 10% ME. After anesthesia, all rats had skin square excision wounds 1.5cm2. Wound percent contractions were measured. On 10th day, blood glucose and serum cytokines were measured. Histometry of wounds was studied using ImagePro6.0 software. Results: Glycemia was significantly reduced in ME treated rats. These rats had higher percent contraction of the wounds on 2nd, 5th and 10th days, then controls (p<0.05). Diabetic rats treated with NS had TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression higher than in rats receiving ME. The histopathological score of ME treated diabetic rats (198±13.7) was significantly higher than treatment with NS (145±10.5). Conclusion: ME extract positively influenced healing of wounds in diabetic rats after systemic and topical treatment.

Anatomo-radiological correlation using 18-FDG-PET in abdominal sepsis model in rats. A preliminary study

Abstract Purpose: To examine a correlation of micro-PET images with photographic images of the digestive organs in abdominal sepsis model. Methods: Male Wistar rats weighing 265±18g were used. Abdominal sepsis was induced by ligature and cecal puncture. Micro-PET Images from abdominal cavity septic foci were obtained using 18-Fluoro-deoxyglucose, looking for a correlation with photographic images of abdominal cavity organs. Pearson's correlation test was used. Results: The mean standard uptake values (SUV) and lesion areas were 2.58±0.63SUVbwg/ml and 546.87±300.95mm2, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the two variables (r=0.863, p=0.137), which resulted in a coefficient of determination r2?0.75, meaning that 75% of SUV variation is explained by the lesion areas of digestive organs. Conclusion: Micro-PET allows high throughput assessment of lesion count and volume in pre-clinical rat model of CPL abdominal sepsis.

The renoprotective effect of oral Tadalafil pretreatment on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of tadalafil in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats Methods: Group I/R saline rats (n=6) were subjected to 45 minutes of left renal ischemia and treated with saline; the I/R tadalafil rats (n=6) received oral 10mg/kg tadalafil microemulsion one hour before ischemia. In both groups, 8 hours after ischemia, laboratory analysis were performed Results: Better tissue perfusion was lower in ischemic left/kidney than in right/kidney in saline group, suggesting reduced kidney clearance. Fluorescence in left/kidneys of tadalafil treated rats was lower than in right/kidneys (difference not significant). The fluorescence signal intensity in kidneys of tadafil treated rats was higher than in saline rats. TNF-α levels were significantly lower in I/R tadalafil group rats compared to I/R saline group (154±10.3 vs 391.3±12.3), as well as IL-1β (163.4±13.2 vs 279±11.5pg/dL), and IL-6 (122.9±8.1 vs 173.7±6.3 respectively; p=0.0001). Urea, creatinine and C-reactive protein were significantly lower in tadafil treated rats then in saline group Conclusion: Tadalafil therapy decreased the expression of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in a renal I/R rodent model, while improving kidney function proofs.

Oxacillin magnetically targeted for the treatment of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus infection in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of oxacillin bonded to magnetic nanoparticles in local infection model in rat. Methods: Twelve Wistar rats weighing 290±18g were randomly divided into four groups (n=6, each) and all rats had a magnet ring sutured on their right thighs. In the biodistribution group rats 0.1mL of 99mTc-magnetite (0.66 MBq) was injected i.v and after 30 minutes, biodistribution of 99mTc-magnetite was evaluated in right and left thighs. The other groups were inoculated with MRSA in each thigh muscles. Group 1 rats were injected i.v. with magnetite, group 2 with Magnetite + Oxacillin, group 3 with saline twice a day. After 24 hours samples of muscle secretion were harvested for microbiological analysis; muscle, lungs and kidneys for histology. Results: 99mTc-magnetite uptake was three-fold higher in right thigh muscles (with external magnet) than in the left. In magnetite and oxacillin-magnetite groups, bacterial/CFU was significantly lower in thigh muscles than in saline-controls. The inflammatory reaction in muscles and lungs was significantly lower in oxacillin-magnetite group-rats than in other groups (p<0.001) . Conclusion: This study confirms the potential antimicrobial activity of magnetic nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus strains, which in addition to concentrate the antibiotic at the infection site, positively influenced the treatment.

Effects of cococonut water and simvastatin in the treatment of sepsis and hemorrhagic shock in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of modified coconut water as fluid of resuscitation combined with simvastatin in hemorrhagic shock and sepsis model in rats. METHODS: Four groups of Wistar rats with hemorrhagic shock and abdominal sepsis were studied (n=8/group). Rats were bled and maintained at a mean blood pressure 35mmHg for 60min. They were then resuscitated with: 1) saline 0.9%; 2) coconut water+3% NaCl; 3) coconut water+NaCl 3%+simvastatin microemulsion (10 mg/kg i.v.; 4) normal coconut water. At 8h post-resuscitation, blood and lungs were collected for exams. RESULTS: Clinical scores, TNF-α, IL-1β, liver/kidney proof levels, and lung injury were significantly reduced in coconut water+NaCl 3%+simvastatin group treated rats, comparing with the other resuscitation treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with coconut water with Nacl 3%+simvastatin had a significant beneficial effect on downregulating cytokines and decreasing lung injury in a rat model of abdominal sepsis and hemorrhagic shock. We also demonstrated that coconut water with Nacl 3%+simvastatin administration clearly made liver and kidney function better and improved clinical score.

Antibacterial properties and healing effects of Melipona scutellaris honey in MRSA-infected wounds of rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To investigate the antimicrobial, immunological and healing effects of Melipona scutellaris honey on infected wounds of rat skin. METHODS: Twenty four Wistar rats were distributed in four groups (6-each). The uninfected skin wounds of group I rats were treated daily with saline for 7 days. Uninfected wounds (group II) rats were treated with honey. In group III (treated with saline) and group IV (treated with honey) wounds were inoculated with MRSA ATTC43300. The first bacterial culture was performed 24 hours later. In the 7th day new culture was done, and wound biopsies were used for cytokines dosage and histopathology. RESULTS: In group I and III rats the CFU/g count of S. aureus in wounds was zero. In group II rats the CFU/g counts in the wound tissue were significantly higher than in wounds of group IV rats. The density histopathological parameters and the expression of TNF-α, IL1-β, Il-6 were significantly higher on wounds of group IV then in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Honey of Melipona scutellaris was effective in the management of infected wounds, by significant bacterial growth inhibition, enhancement of cytokine expression, and positively influenced the wound repair.

Heart and systemic effects of statin pretreatment in a rat model of abdominal sepsis. Assessment by Tc99m-sestamibi biodistribition

PURPOSE: To evaluate the heart and the Tc-99m-sestamibi biodistribution after statin pretreatment in a rat model of abdominal sepsis. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=6 per group): 1) sepsis with simvastatin treatment, 2) sepsis with vehicle, 3) sham control with simvastatin and 4) sham control with vehicle. 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture rats received 1.0MBq of Tc-99m-sestamibi i.v. 30min after, animals were euthanized for ex-vivo tissue counting and myocardium histological analysis. RESULTS: Myocardial histologic alterations were not detected 24 hours post-sepsis. There was significantly increased cardiac Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in the sepsis group with simvastatin treatment (1.9±0.3%ID/g, p<0.001) in comparison to the sepsis group+vehicle (1.0±0.2%ID/g), control sham group+ simvastatin (1.2±0.3%ID/g) and control sham group (1.3±0.2%ID/g). Significant Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in liver, kidney and lungs was also detected in the sepsis group treated with simvastatinin comparison to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Statin treatment altered the biodistribution of Tc-99m-sestamibi with increased cardiac and solid organ activity in rats with abdominal sepsis, while no impact on controls. Increased myocardial tracer activity may be a result of a possible protection effect due to increased tissue perfusion mediated by statins. .

Influence of Annona muricata (soursop) on biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals in rats

To evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of A. muricata on biodistribution of two radiopharmaceuticals: sodium phytate and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), both labeled with 99mtechnetium. METHODS: Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into two treated groups and two controls groups. The controls received water and the treated received 25mg/kg/day of A. muricata by gavage for ten days. One hour after the last dose, the first treated group received 99mTc-DMSA and the second sodium 99mTc-phytate (0.66MBq each group), both via orbital plexus. Controls followed the same protocol. Forty min later, all groups were sacrificed and the blood, kidney and bladder were isolated from the first treated group and the blood, spleen and liver isolated from the second treated group. The percentage of radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g) was calculated using a gamma counter. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that there was a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in the uptake of %ATI/g in bladder (0.11±0.01and1.60±0.08), kidney (3.52±0.51and11.84±1.57) and blood (0.15±0.01and 0.54±0.05) between the treated group and control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The A. muricata hydroalcoholic extract negatively influenced the uptake of 99mTc-DMSA in bladder, kidney and blood of rats.

The ileum positively regulates hepatic regeneration in rats

To test the hypothesis that liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy can be influenced by the ileum. METHODS: Eighteen Wistar rats were distributed into groups of six animals: 1 - ileum resection+ hepatectomy 2/3; 2 - hepatectomy 2/3, and 3 - sham. Anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine i.p., aseptic technique, analgesia with meperidine (10mg/kg s.c.). On day 6, serum ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and albumin were measured. Liver regeneration and hepatocyte mitosis were quantified. Statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey tests, with significance p<0.05. RESULTS: In group hepatectomy+ileal resection, ALT, AST and AP were 180.6±24.9, 58.6±3.1 and 254.6±46.6 respectively. They were significantly higher than in the hepatectomy group, whose values were 126.0±16.5, 44.1±3.9 and 163.5±8.6, respectively (p<0.001). Albumin levels were not significantly different among groups. Liver regeneration in hepatectomy group (94.17%) was statistically higher (p<0.001) than in ileal resection+hepatectomy group (55.96%). In the latter group the mitosis of hepatocytes were significantly less frequent than in the hepatectomy group. CONCLUSION: The data confirm that the ileum positively influence on liver regeneration in rats undergoing hepatectomy.

Efeitos do óleo de andiroba (Carapa guianensis) na função hepática de ratos submetidos à isquemia e reperfusão normotérmica do fígado / Effects of andiroba (Carapa guianensis) oil on hepatic function of rats subjected to liver normothermic ischemia and reperfusion

OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos do óleo da andiroba (Carapa guianensis) na função do fígado de ratos submetidos à isquemia/reperfusão hepática normotérmica. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 12 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos: solução salina (n=6) e andiroba (n=6). O grupo andiroba foi tratado com óleo de andiroba (0,63ml/kg, VO) durante sete dias antes do procedimento cirúrgico. A isquemia foi induzida por oclusão da vascularização dos lobos mediano e lateral do fígado, usando clip vascular, nos dois grupos, por 45min, com posterior reperfusão por 60min. Analisaram-se as dosagens de AST, ALT, Gama-GT e biodistribuição hepática do fitato-Tc99m. RESULTADOS:não houve diferença significante no percentual de radioatividade/grama de tecido (%ATI/g) no lobo direito do grupo salina (17,53±2,78) quando comparado com o grupo andiroba (18,04±3,52), com p=0,461, o mesmo ocorrendo no %ATI/g do lobo esquerdo do fígado quando os dois grupos foram comparados (p=0,083). No grupo salina o %ATI/g foi significativamente mais elevado no lobo hepático direito não isquemiado (17,53±2,78), em comparação com o lobo esquerdo (5,04±0,82), que sofreu isquemia/reperfusão (p=0,002). Diferença significante também ocorreu na comparação entre os lobos direito (18,04±3,52) e esquerdo (7,11±1,86) dos animais do grupo andiroba (p=0,004). Não houve diferença significante nas dosagens de AST, ALT e Gama-GT comparando-se os dois grupos (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO:o óleo de andiroba não contribuiu para a proteção da função hepática em modelo de lesão induzida por isquemia e reperfusão normotérmica do fígado de ratos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the Andiroba (carapa guianensis) oil on liver function in rats subjected to normothermic ischemia / reperfusion injury. METHODS: we divided 12 Wistar rats into two groups: saline (n = 6) and Andiroba (n = 6). The Andiroba group was treated with Andiroba oil (0.63 ml/kg orally) for seven days before surgery. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the blood supply to the lateral and median lobes of the liver, using vascular clips, in both groups, for 45min, followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes later. We analyzed dosages of AST, ALT, Gamma-GT, and liver biodistribution of 99mTc phytate. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the percentage of radioactivity / gram of tissue (%ATI/g) in the right lobe of the saline group (17.53 ± 2.78) compared with the Andiroba group (18.04 ± 3.52) p = 0.461, the same occurring in the%ATI/g of the left lobe of the liver when the two groups were compared (p = 0.083). In the saline group, the%ATI/g was significantly higher in the non-ischemic right hepatic lobe (17.53 ± 2.78) when compared with the left lobe (5.04 ± 0.82) that suffered ischemia / reperfusion (p = 0.002). Significant differences also occurred when comparing the right (18.04 ± 3.52) and left (7.11 ± 1.86) lobes of the animals of the Andiroba group (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in dosages of AST, ALT and Gamma- GT when comparing the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Andiroba oil did not contribute to the protection of liver function in a rat model of liver injury induced by normothermic ischemia and reperfusion.

The ileum as a determinant organ of the functional liver cell mass in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate if the ileum resection changes the functioning liver cell mass, the hepatic metabolism and the biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical in rats. METHODS: Twelve Wistar rats weighing 285g±34g were randomly divided into the ileum resection group (n = 6) and sham group rats (n = 6). After 30 days, they were anesthetized and 0.1mL of 99m-Tc-phytate (0.66MBq) was injected via femoral vein. After 30 minutes, blood samples were collected for red blood cells radioactive labeling and serum ALT, AST and gammaGT. Liver samples were used for 99m-Tc-phytate percentage of radioactivity/gram of tissue and histopathology. Student 's t test was used with significance 0.05. RESULTS: There was a higher uptake of 99m-Tc-phytate in the liver of sham rats, compared to the ileum resection group (p<0.05). GammaGT, ALT and AST were increased in ileum resection rats compared to sham (p<0.05). The he patocytes count was significantly lower in ileum resection group than in sham (p<0.05). Liver: body mass ratio was lower in experimental animals than in sham group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support that the ileum has important role in liver function and liver mass regulation, and they have potential clinical implications regarding the pathogenesis of liver injury following lower bowel resection.

Metabolic and hematologic consequences of colectomy associated to hepatectomy in rats / Consequências metabólicas e hematológicas da colectomia associada à hepatectomia em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of partial colectomy associated with hepatectomy on the biodistribution of the 99mTc-phytate, on metabolic parameters, as well as labeling and morphology of red blood cells. METHODS: Wistar rats were distributed into three groups (each with six), nominated as colectomy, colectomy+hepatectomy and sham. In the 30th postoperative day all rats were injected with 99mTc-phytate 0.1mL i.v. (radioactivity 0.66 MBq). After 15 minutes, liver sample was harvested and weighed. Percentage radioactivity per gram of tissue ( percentATI/g) was determined using an automatic gamma-counter. Serum AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and red blood cells labeling were determined. RESULTS: The liver percentATI/g and red blood cells labeling were lower in colectomy and colectomy+hepatectomy rats than in sham rats (p <0.05), and no difference was detected comparing the colectomy and colectomy+hepatectomy groups. Red blood cells morphology did not differ among groups. Serum levels of AST, ALT and alkaline fosfatase were significantly higher in colectomy+hepatectomy than in colectomy rats (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Hepatectomy associated with colectomy lowered the uptake of radiopharmaceutical in liver and in red blood cells in rats, coinciding with changes in liver enzymatic activity.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da colectomia associada à hepatectomia parcial, na biodistribuição do fitato-99mTcO4, na marcação e morfologia de hemácias e em parâmetros metabólicos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em três grupos (seis animais cada), denominados: colectomia, colectomia+hepatectomia e sham. No 30º dia pós-operatório, em todos eles foi feita injeção de 0,1 mL i.v. de fitato-99mTcO4 (radioatividade 0,66 MBq). Após 15 minutos, uma amostra de fígado foi colhida e pesada. O percentual de radioatividade por grama de tecido ( por centoATI/g) foi determinado no fígado e hemácias usando-se um contador gama automático. Dosagem sérica de AST, ALT, fosfatase alcalina, morfologia e marcação de hemácias com pertecnetato foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: O por centoATI/g no fígado e nas hemácias foi menor nos animais dos grupos colectomia e colectomia+hepatectomia do que no grupo sham (p<0,05; teste de Tukey). Nenhuma diferença foi detectada comparando os grupos colectomia e colectomia+hepatectomia. A morfologia das hemácias não diferiu entre os três grupos. Os níveis séricos de AST, ALT e fosfatase alcalina foram significativamente maiores no grupo colectomia+hepatectomia do que no grupo colectomia (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A colectomia associada a hepatectomia contribuiu para reduzir a captação de radiofármaco no fígado e hemácias de ratos, coincidindo com alterações na atividade enzimática do fígado.

Effect of sildenafil in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats / Efeito do sildenafil na lesão renal por isquemia/reperfusão em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil, administered prior to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), by scintigraphy and histopathological evaluation in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into two groups. They received 0.1 ml of 99mTechnetium-etilenodicisteine intravenous, and a baseline (initial) renal scintigraphy was performed. The rats underwent 60 minutes of ischemia by left renal artery clamping. The right kidney was not manipulated. The sildenafil group (n=12) received orally 1 mg/kg of sildenafil suspension 60 minutes before ischemia. Treatment with saline 0.9 percent in the control group (n=12). Half of the rats was assessed after 24 hours and half after seven days I/R, with new renal scintigraphy to study differential function. After euthanasia, kidneys were removed and subjected to histopathological examination. For statistical evaluation, Student t and Mann-Whitney tests were used. RESULTS: In the control group rats, the left kidneys had significant functional deficit, seven days after I/R, whose scintigraphic pattern was consistent with acute tubular necrosis, compared with the initial scintigraphy (p<0.05). Sildenafil treatment resulted in better differential function of the left kidneys 24h after reperfusion, compared with controls. Histopathologically, the left kidney of control rats (24 hours after I/R) showed a higher degree of cellular necrosis when compared with the sildenafil treated rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sildenafil had a protective effect in rat kidneys subjected to normothermic I/R, demonstrated by scintigraphy and histomorphometry.

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito do sildenafil, administrado previamente à isquemia/reperfusão (I/R) renal, em avaliações cintilográficas e histopatológicas em ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Os animais receberam 0,1 ml IV de 99mTecnécio-Etilenodicisteína, foram submetidos à cintilografia renal inicial e em seguida submetidos a isquemia no rim esquerdo, com oclusão da artéria renal, durante 60 minutos, com posterior reperfusão. O grupo sildenafil (n=12) recebeu previamente 1mg/kg de sildenafil em suspensão 60 minutos antes da isquemia. Solução salina 0,9 por cento foi administrada no grupo controle (n=12). Metade dos animais de cada grupo foi avaliada após 24 horas e a outra metade após sete dias de reperfusão, com nova cintilografia renal. Após eutanásia, os rins foram retirados e submetidos a exame histopatológico. Na avaliação estatística foram empregados os testes t de Student e de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Foi observado no rim esquerdo (submetido a I/R) do grupo controle déficit funcional diferencial nas imagens cintilográficas após sete dias, com padrão de necrose tubular aguda, quando comparado com a cintilografia inicial (p<0,05). O tratamento com sildenafil resultou em melhor função diferencial do rim esquerdo 24h após reperfusão, comparado com os controles. Na histopatologia, os rins esquerdos dos animais do grupo controle (24 horas pós-I/R), apresentaram maior grau de necrose celular quando comparados com o grupo tratado com o sildenafil (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O sildenafil teve efeito protetor em rins de ratos submetidos à isquemia/reperfusão normotérmica, demonstrado por cintilografia e histomorfometria.

Acetylsalicylic acid and morphology of red blood cells

This work evaluated the effect of in vitro and in vivo treatment with ASA on the morphology of the red blood cells. Blood samples or Wistar rats were treated with ASA for one hour. Blood samples or animals treated with saline were used as control group. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of red blood cells were evaluated under optical microscopy. Data showed that the in vitro treatment for one hour with ASA at higher dose used significantly (p<0.05) modified the perimeter/area ratio of the red blood cells. No morphological alterations were obtained with the in vivo treatment. ASA use at highest doses could interfere on shape of red blood cells.

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito do tratamento in vitro e in vivo com AAS na morfologia dos eritrócitos. Amostras de sangue ou ratos Wistar foram tratadas com AAS por uma hora. Amostras sangüíneas ou animais tratados com salina foram utilizados como grupos controle. Distensões de sangue foram preparadas, fixadas, coradas e a análise morfológica qualitativa e quantitativa dos eritrócitos foi realizada em microscópio óptico. Os dados mostraram que o tratamento in vitro por uma hora com AAS na maior dose utilizada modificou significativamente (p<0.05) a relação perímetro/área dos eritrócitos. Não foram obtidas alterações morfológicas com o tratamento in vivo. O uso do AAS em doses altas poderia interferir na forma dos eritrócitos.

Biodistribution of technetium-99m pertechnetate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (Capella technique) in rats / Biodistribuição de tecnécio-99m pertecnetato após desvio gástrico em Y de Roux (técnica de Capella) em ratos

PURPOSE: The biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate, the most used radiopharmaceutical in nuclear medicine, has not been studied in details after bariatric surgery. The objective was to investigate the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTc-) in organs and tissues of rats. METHODS: Twelve rats were randomly divided into two groups of 6 animals each. The RYGB group rats were submitted to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and the control group rats were not operated. After 15 days, all rats were injected with 0.1mL of Na99mTc- via orbital plexus with average radioactivity of 0.66 MBq. After 30 minutes, liver, stomach, thyroid, heart, lung, kidney and femur samples were harvested, weighed and percentage of radioactivity per gram ( percentATI/g) of each organ was determined by gama counter Wizard Perkin-Elmer. We applied the Student t test for statistical analysis, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Significant reduction in mean percentATI/g was observed in the liver, stomach and femur in the RYGB group animals, compared with the control group rats (p<0.05). In other organs no significant difference in percentATI/g was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This work contributes to the knowledge that the bariatric surgery RYGB modifies the pattern of biodistribution of Na99mTc-.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da cirurgia de desvio gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) na biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTc) em órgãos e tecidos de ratos. MÉTODOS: Doze ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente distribuidos em dois grupos de seis animais cada. O grupo BGYR foi submetido a técnica cirúrgica do desvio gástrico em Y de Roux e o grupo controle não foi operado. No 15º dia de pós-operatório foi administrado 0,1 ml IV de Na99mTc aos animais dos dois grupos, com atividade radioativa média de 0,66MBq. Após 30 minutos os ratos foram mortos e retirados fragmentos de fígado, estômago, tireóide, coração, pulmão, rim e fêmur. As amostras foram lavadas com solução salina 0,9 por cento pesadas e submetidas ao Contador Gama 1470, WizardTM Perkin-Elmer para se determinar o percentual de atividade radiotiva por grama ( por centoATI/g) de cada órgão. Empregou-se o teste t de Student para análise estatística, considerando p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Redução significante na média de por centoATI/g foi observada no fígado, estômago e fêmur nos animais submetidos a cirurgia de BGYR comparado com o grupo controle (p<0,05). Nos demais órgãos não houve diferença significante no por centoATI/g entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia BGYR em ratos modificou a biodistribuição do Na99mTc em alguns órgãos, podendo ter implicações clínicas na interpretação de exames cintilográficos.

Protective effect of simvastatin in the cyclophosphamide-induced hemohrragic cystitis in rats / Efeito protetor da sinvastatina na cistite hemorrágica induzida pela ciclofosfamida em ratos

PURPOSE: Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is an antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of many neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent side effect of CYP. Several studies show that simvastatin has important pleiotropic (anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory) effects. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin on bladder, ureter and kidney injury caused by CYP. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. The CYP/SIM group received simvastatin microemulsion by gavage during 7 days (10 mg/kg body wt) before the administration of CYP and the CYP/SAL group rats received saline 0.9 percent. The control rats were not treated. After that, all rats were treated with a single dose of CYP 200 mg/kg body wt intraperitoneally. The rats were killed 24 h after CYP administration. Plasma cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Macro and light microscopic study was performed in the bladder, kidney and ureter. RESULTS: In the bladders of CYP/SIMV treated rats edema of lamina propria with epithelial and sub-epithelial hemorrhage were lower than in CYP/SAL treated rats. The scores for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of bladder and ureter were significantly lower in CYP/SIMV rats than in CYP/SAL rats. The kidney was not affected. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was significatly lower in CF/SINV rats (164.8±22, 44.8±8 and 52.4±13) than in CF/SAL rats (378.5±66, 122.9±26 e 123.6±18), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study suggest that simvastatin pretreatment attenuated CYP-induced urotelium inflammation and decreased the activities of cytokines.

OBJETIVO: Ciclofosfamida (CF) é um agente antineoplásico frequente implicado na etiologia da cistite hemorrágica. Vários estudos mostram que a sinvastatina tem importantes efeitos pleiotrópicos (anti-inflamatórios e imunomoduladores). O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da sinvastatina na prevenção de cistite hemorrágica e lesões uroteliais induzidas por CF em modelo experimental. MÉTODOS: Doze ratos Wistar foram distribuídos de forma randomizada em três grupos: nos ratos do grupo experimental (CF/SINV), foi administrada microemulsão de sinvastatina 10mg/Kg, por via oral (gavagem), durante 7 dias antes da administração de CF e os ratos do grupo controle (CF/SAL), foram tratados com solução salina 0,9 por cento nas mesmas doses e prazos. O grupo controle não foi tratado. Todos os ratos foram tratados com CF 200mg/Kg intraperitonial (dose única) e 24 horas após foram sacrificados. Exame macro e microscópico foi feito na bexiga e os rins e ureteres foram avaliados microscopia. Foram realizadas dosagens plasmáticas de TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 (ELISA). RESULTADOS: O escore para avaliação macroscópica do dano à bexiga e o escore para avaliação do dano histológico na bexiga e nos ureteres mostraram-se significativamente menores no grupo CF/SINV em comparação ao grupo CF/SAL (p<0,05). Os rins não foram afetados. A expressão de TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 também foi significativamente menor (p<0,05) no grupo CF/SINV (164,8±22, 44,8±8 e 52,4±13) em comparação ao grupo CF/SAL (378,5±66, 122,9±26 e 123,6±18), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou eficácia da sinvastatina na atenuação da cistite hemorrágica e lesão ureteral induzidas por CF em ratos Wistar, através da interferência nas citocinas plasmáticas e nas lesões uroteliais.